The aim of this study was to validate the student discussion engagement scale among students of the University of Tehran. The student discussion engagement scale, conceptualizes discussion in the form of a group question and answer that requires an understanding of the overall atmosphere of a class and the participation of individuals who enhance/facilitate/boost the engagement of others. The scale assesses students' behavior and experiences in the classroom in four areas, namely their skills, self-confidence, openness to discussion, and perception of the overall atmosphere. The study included 403 students of the University of Tehran from different study areas and stages, who were selected through random sampling. The students were asked to fill out a survey online, which included questions about discussion engagement, academic engagement, general self-efficacy (GSES), and the classroom learning environment (CLC). The data were examined in several steps, including item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, divergent validity, and reliability. This was done in order to ensure that the analysis produces accurate and reliable results. The item analysis revealed that all items were adequate in terms of the descriptive criteria. The exploratory factor analysis identified four factors after removing two items. This suggests that there are four underlying factors influencing the students' engagement in classroom discussions. The confirmatory factor analysis also supported the factor structure identified in the exploratory factor analysis. This suggests that the Student Discussion Engagement (SDE) scale has convergent validity, divergent validity, and good reliability. This means that the scale can reliably and accurately measure students' engagement in classroom discussions.

The COVID-19 pandemic was one of the most challenging situations that affected all aspects of humans’ life including education and active face to face teaching and learning methods. Engaging learners in the teaching and learning process, teaching faculty members, and employing technologies to enhance teaching and learning requires adapting instructional methods based on diverse situations, especially in crises and force majeure. This study was an attempt to design and implement an electronic gallery-walk (e-gallery-walk) based on Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction. A teacher training e-course was designed, developed, and implemented during COVID-19 era at the Center of Pedagogical Training and Academic Development at Hawler Medical University, Iraq. Moreover, for the purposes of this study different formative assessment tools were designed and implemented. Thirty-eight MSc and PhD graduates from different medical specialties who were university instructors participated in this study and their learning was assessed via the designed assessment tools. This hands-on-experience indicates that a carefully designed and implemented e-gallery walk enhances student-centered activity in an online faculty development program. This approach by improving student engagement results in more meaningful discussion and peer instruction. The e-gallery walk gives teachers and students a valuable experience of using technological advances and digital tools to modify face-to-face activities. These tools ensure successful teaching and learning practice in critical conditions when remote activities are deemed necessary. The study findings indicate that peer and teacher immediate feedback is highly influential on the quality of teaching and learning and a modified e-gallery walk could be a suitable choice to improve the process in virtual settings.

The aim of this study was to develop a student engagement scale in school)SES)Viga 2016 and determine its validity and reliability. This research was acorrelation type of factor analysis (exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis). Factor analysis and reliability studies were conducted using data on 420(230 girls, 190 boys) tenth, eleventh, and twelfth graders of Semnan(academic year 2016-2017) that were selected by Multistage Cluster Random Sampling and completed Students´ Engagement in School Scale(Viga, 2016) and Student engagement to school scale(Wang, Willett & Eccles, 2011. Result of Confirmatory factor analysis through varimax rotation and Exploratory factor analysis, the axplored factors were behavioural, agency, self-regulation, affective and cognitive. The Cronbach's alpha were 0/78, 0/80, 0/67, 0/60, 0/42 for behavioural, agency, self-regulation, affective, cognitive and %78 for Student engagement in school. Also Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed these factors. To test the validity of instrument, Student engagement to school scale(Wang, Willett & Eccles, 2011) was used and correlation of 0/44 was concluded. The results permitted to find this scale presents psychometric qualities and can be used in research and psychoeducational practice, to assess the multidimensional students’ engagement in school. The future use of the SES is considered and proposed. This scale may be a useful opportunity for psychologists and teachers. and researcher can use to a valid instrument for Measuring engagement in school.